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Pastels are sticks of pure pigment (finely ground) combined with a binding agent. Pastels were invented in the 15th century,
and gained popularity in 18th century Europe. The texture of pastels can be chalky or oily depending on the binding agent the pigment is
mixed with.
Pastels continue to be popular because they offer vibrant colors and no drying time. Pastels are most commonly
applied to surfaces with a tooth (texture) in layers, allowing for blending and shading. Paper designed specifically for pastels and
charcoals are readily available. Student-grade pastels are usually very inexpensive. However, with the reduced price
comes reduced permanence and lightfastness. These can be useful for the professional artist when doing quick studies.
Types: Oil pastels have intense color but are more difficult to blend than soft pastels; they also do not require fixatives to
prevent smudging on finished pieces. These pastels can be blended or thinned by brushing thinners over the application.
Soft pastels tend to have a more vibrant color as they have a greater proportion of pigment and less binding agent.
These pastels require a fixative to prevent smudging on finished pieces. Soft pastels can be purchased in either full sticks
(longer and thinner) or half sticks (shorter and fatter).
Pastel pencils are just that - a pastel stick encased in a wooden pencil. These are great for detail work or
adding sharp lines.
Conte crayons are compressed sticks of powdered pigment (or chalk mixed with pigment) using a wax or clay-based
binding agent. These are very affordable and now come in a wider variety of colors.
Water-soluble pastels - the newest kid on the block. These are basically a soft pastel bound with a water-soluble binder,
giving the artist the ability to blend colors with a wet paintbrush. How cool is that? | 
